Joyce had nothing against golf or golfers. In fact, she was a regular golfer herself and a member of two different golf clubs. But when her home in a subdivision adjoining a private golf course was continuously pelted with errant golf balls, she and a neighbor with the same predicament eventually took the matter to court and won.

The golf course began operating in the late 1980s, and Joyce moved into her home in the late l990s. But the fact that she “came to the problem” did not prevent Joyce from winning an injunc­tion to stop, or at least minimize, in­coming golf balls and the golfers in search of them. No doubt the court was impressed by the evidence showing the extent of the problem, which went well beyond an occasional Titleist in the flower bed. Among other effects, there were five damaged window screens, one large broken window, dented sid­ing, and a dimpled car hood (only the golf balls are supposed to have dim­ples). At least one wayward shot struck the house hard enough to trigger a bur­glar alarm. It got so bad that Joyce all but gave up on using her rear deck, and her young son was instructed to play only in the part of the yard that was shielded from the golf course by the house. The clincher piece of evidence may have been the 1,800 golf balls that Joyce had retrieved from her yard dur­ing the five years she had lived in her house.

The winning legal theory for Joyce was continuing trespass. The common conception of a trespass is of someone walking across another’s property without permission, but the concept is broader than that. A trespass is any invasion of a landowner’s interest in exclusive possession of the property. Propelling physical objects onto some­one’s property regularly, frequently, and without the owner’s consent is a continuing trespass.

As for the appropriate remedy, the court in Joyce’s case offered some guidance. If the golf course operators were determined to keep the course as it was, they either would have to ac­quire the adjacent land, or the right to use such land, for the purpose of accommodating all of those wayward golf shots. More realistically, the de­fendant could solve the problem by shortening the hole that adjoined Joyce’s property, thereby removing the property from the landing area for all those bad shots. This would he somewhat burdensome for the golf club, but it was not such a hardship as could relieve the club of its obligation to end the continuing trespass and give Joyce hack the exclusive possession of her home.